Dikutip dari Kompas pada Jumat, 26 November 2010 | 14:40 WIB
Bila saat ini kita mengenal gajah sebagai mamalia terbesar di darat, pada 25 hingga 35 juta tahun yang lalu berkembang pula jenis mamalia raksasa yang lebih besar dari gajah. Tinggi mamalia raksasa itu bisa mencapai lebih dari 5 meter dan beratnya pun mencapai ribuan kilogram.
Salah satu mamalia terbesar yang tercatat adalah Indricotherium transouralicum. Makhluk itu tingginya yang bisa mencapai 5,5 meter, panjang 9,2 meter, dan berat 20-30 ton. Bersanding dengan hewan ini, terdapat juga mamalia-mamalia lain yang berukuran besar saat itu. Semua golongan mamalia super tersebut, menurut pendapat para ahli, merupakan herbivora.
Baru-baru ini, sekelompok ilmuwan meneliti sebab-sebab berkembang pesatnya mamalia puluhan juta tahun lalu. Salah satu anggota tim penelitinya adalah Jessica Theodor dari University of Calgary, Alberta, Kanada.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, Theodor mengungkapkan adanya dua faktor yang menyebabkan mamalia tumbuh besar, yaitu ketersediaan bahan makanan yang melimpah dan tekanan seleksi untuk tumbuh besar.
Saat dinosaurus masih eksis, mamalia kalah dalam berkompetisi. Sumber makanan mamalia telah dimakan oleh dinosaurus. Oleh karenanya, ukuran tubuh yang kecil lebih efisien dalam keterbatasan sumber makanan saat itu.
Kondisi berubah saat dinosaurus punah, khususnya pada herbivora. "Setelah dinosaurus punah, tak ada hewan yang memakan tumbuhan," jelasnya. Mamalia herbivora pun memiliki sumber makanan yang melimpah.
Mamalia herbivora sendiri dituntut secara alami untuk tumbuh besar. "Menjadi besar menghindarkan herbivora dari predator, herbivora besar jarang menjadi mangsa," ujar Theodor.
Lalu, bagaimana dengan mamalia karnivora? Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ukuran hewan karnivora memang berubah, tetapi tak bisa mencapai ukuran sebesar herbivora.
Peneliti mengungkapkan, jika ukuran karnivora besar, maka hal itu justru merugikan. "Ukuran bisa menjadi masalah bagi predator. Mangsa dengan mudah menyadari keberadaannya dan lari," ungkap Theodor.
Perubahan ukuran mamalia yang terjadi puluhan juta tahun yang lalu itu, menurut peneliti, sangat signifikan. "Saat dinosaurus punah, ukuran maksimal mamalia hanya 1 hingga 10 kg. 25 juta tahun kemudian, ukuran mamalia bisa mencapai ribuan kali dari ukuran semula," kata Theodor. Penelitian Theodor dipublikasikan dalam jurnal Science yang terbit baru-baru ini.
HOW DEVELOPING MAMMALS GIANT?
If now we know the elephant as the largest mammal on land, at 25 to 35 million years ago also develops the giant mammals larger than an elephant. Height giant mammals that could reach more than 5 feet and weighs thousands of pounds was reached.
One of the largest mammals recorded are Indricotherium transouralicum. The creature's height can reach 5.5 meters, 9.2 meters long, and weigh 20-30 tons. Side by side with this animal, there are also other mammals that are large at the time. All the super class of mammals, according to expert opinion, is a herbivore.
One of the largest mammals recorded are Indricotherium transouralicum. The creature's height can reach 5.5 meters, 9.2 meters long, and weigh 20-30 tons. Side by side with this animal, there are also other mammals that are large at the time. All the super class of mammals, according to expert opinion, is a herbivore.
Recently, a group of scientists researching the causes of the rapid growth of mammals tens of millions of years ago. One member of the research team was Jessica Theodor from the University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Based on research results, Theodor revealed the existence of two growth factors that cause large mammals, namely the availability of abundant food and selection pressure to grow large. When dinosaurs still exist, mammals lost the competition. Food sources of mammals have been eaten by dinosaurs. Therefore, small body size is more efficient in the limited food resources at that time.
Conditions change when the dinosaurs became extinct, especially in herbivores. "After the dinosaurs became extinct, no animals that eat plants," he explained. Herbivorous mammals also have an abundant food source. Herbivorous mammals themselves naturally expected to grow big. "Being avoid large herbivores from predators, large herbivores often become prey," says Theodor. Then, what about the carnivorous mammals? Research shows that the size of carnivores indeed changed, but could not reach a size of herbivores.
Researchers reveal, if the size of large carnivores, then it would hurt. "Size can be a problem for predators. Prey easily aware of his presence and fled," said Theodor. Changes in size of mammals that occurred tens of millions of years ago, according to the researchers, is very significant. "When dinosaurs became extinct, mammals, only the maximum size of 1 to 10 kg. 25 million years later, the size of mammals can reach thousands of times the original size," says Theodor. Theodor research published in the journal Science, published recently.
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